DE-ARABISASI DAN TRANSFORMASI PERADABAN: KAJIAN POLITIK, ADMINISTRASI, EKONOMI, DAN HUKUM PADA DINASTI ABBASIYAH PERIODE PERTAMA
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Abstract
This article examines the process of de-Arabization and its impact on civilizational transformation during the first period of the Abbasid Dynasty (750–847 CE), focusing on three main domains: politics and administrative governance, economy, and the legal system. The central issue addressed is how the decline of exclusive Arab dominance following the collapse of the Umayyad Dynasty reshaped the configuration of power and state institutions, as well as how the integration of non-Arab ethnic groups particularly Persians in the early phase and Turks in the later phase formed a multietnic model of Abbasid governance. This study aims to clarify the mechanisms of de-Arabization as a planned political-administrative strategy, to reveal the concrete contributions of non-Arab elites in state management, and to map the institutional achievements of the caliphate from the reign of al-Saffah to the early period of al-Mutawakkil. The research employs the historical method through four stages: heuristics, source criticism (external and internal), interpretation, and historiography. Data are obtained through library research using primary sources, mainly the Indonesian translations of works by Yusuf al-‘Isy and Muhammad al-Khudhari, which are verified against their original Arabic texts, and supported by relevant peer-reviewed journal articles. The findings indicate that de-Arabization during the first Abbasid period was not merely an ethnic replacement of elites, but a systematic strategy to construct a multietnic government based on professional bureaucracy and non-Arab military networks. The integration of Persian technocrats through the institutions of wizarat and diwan significantly enhanced administrative efficiency and enabled effective governance over a vast and diverse empire. However, in the later phase of this period, growing dependence on Turkish military forces shifted the balance of power from civilian bureaucracy toward military dominance, weakening caliphal authority and increasing military intervention in court politics. In the economic and legal spheres, fiscal consolidation, integration of international trade, and the institutionalization of Qadhi al-Qudhah, al-Hisbah, and Wilayat al-Mazhalim reflected the maturity of Abbasid state governance, while simultaneously shaping the political dynamics of subsequent Abbasid periods.
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